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                  [Note:  All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]

 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT *

 

A review derived from the following:

 

Nyland, Edo.  2001.  Linguistic Archaeology: An
Introduction.   Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.

ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p.

 

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          An ancient language form that originated in the North African area of our most ancient civilizations was studied by Nyland (2001).  He found that many words used to describe names of places and things in the British Isles seem to be closely related to the ancient language, which Nyland called Saharan, and which later was predated by the Igbo Language of West Africa.  Fortuitously, the Basque Language is a close relative to the original Saharan.  Following is a discussion of this relationship:  For another description of English development, see: "Hidden Meanings in English"

 

ENGLISH WORD CREATION

 

          Whole sentences in English are often condensed into single words and names, by being encoded with the use of a vowel-interlocking formula (see VCV). About half of the Basque language is made up of words starting with vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV or VCCV) and it is this half, which has been used to produce English vocabulary, the same as was done for Sanskrit and Latin (see VCV Formula). This formula, which was recently discussed by Nyland (2001) used the first vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) of every Saharan/Basque word, which then were aligned as VCV1-V1CV2-V2CV3 and agglutinated into VCVCVCV. Many vowels and some "h's" of the resulting agglutination were then removed according to a pre-determined plan, to create English-looking or English-sounding words. The main assigned characteristic of the English language is that the traditional Latin pronunciation of the letters was abandoned and replaced by a different alphabet pronunciation. In the following examples the removed letters are shown as dots. Sometimes both vowels were eliminated from one VCV but the consonants (except some "h's") always remained. To read up on the decoding process and the vowel-interlocking feature, please see the VCV Formula. The language used to translate the names and words, as before, is Basque.

 

          Many of the words in the English language were made up by the Benedictines and grammarians in their scriptoria, some later evolved from the words these linguists invented. The clergy did the word construction mostly by writing a short sentence describing the subject in Basque. In some cases they used wisecracks or jokes, even crude remarks and personal feelings. They also borrowed and exchanged words made up by linguists in France, Holland, Germany and Italy, often altering the available words to give them an "English" touch, e.g. French 'famille' became 'family'. Latin was invented in exactly the same manner, using the same rules as for English, as the name "Latin" indicates: .la-ati-in or ela-ati-indar: ela (word) atxiki (to memorize) indaregin (make an effort): "make an effort to memorize the words". To introduce the new subject of English word translations, here follow a few which clearly demonstrate the care, creativity and often joy, which went into composing them.

 

doctor: .do-ok.-.to-or.
.do            odo           odoldun                     bloody
ok.            oke           okerkeria  injury
.to             eto            etorri                          come!
or.             ora           orain                         right now
 
A bloody injury, come right now!
 
Parliament: .pa-ar.-.li-i.a-ame-ent.
.pa            apa           aparteko                   special 
ar.             -ari           -ari                             cause
.li              ili              ilinti                          fiery
i.a             iha            ihardukitze             arguing, oratory
ame          ame          ameslari                   idealistic
ent.           ent            entzungarri               worthy of being heard
 
Fiery and idealistic oratory for a special cause is worthy of being heard.
 
Hansard: .ha-an.-.sa-ard.
.ha            aha           ahalegin                   attempt
an.            ane           anega                          measure
.sa            esa           esan                              to narrate
ard.           ardu         arduratu                   to take responsibility for
 
An attempt to take a measure of responsibility for the narration.
 
library: .li-ib.-.ra-ari
.li              eli             elizdiru                       religious duty
ib.             ibi             ibili                               to acquire
.ra             ira            irakaskuntza               education
ari             ari            arrigarri                      marvellous, admirable
 
It is your religious duty to acquire a marvelous education.
 
irrigate: ir.-.ri-iga-ate
ir.              ire            ireki                            to open
.ri              eri            eriontegi                  spillway
iga            iga            igartu                         to wilt
ate            ate            atertu                           to stop
 
Open the spillway to stop the wilting.
 
alcohol: al.-.ko-oho-ol.
al.             alu            alukeria                 repulsive behaviour
.ko            uko           ukoegin                     to deny
oho           oho           ohoregabe                  to dishonor
ol.             ol              olde                             free will
 
Denying and repulsive behaviour dishonors the free will.
 
garlic: .ga-ar.-.li-ik.
.ga            ega           egakortasun               volatility, smell
ar.             ara           arranguratu                to complain
.li              ali             alienatu                     destroys a person's composure
ik.             ika            ikaragarri                     awful!
 
(People) complain that the smell destroys a person's composure. It's awful!
 
existence: (eksiztense) ek.-.si-izte-en.-.se
.ek            eka           ekarpen                       contribution
.si             asi            asierako                     original
iste           izte           iztegi                            vocabulary
ene           ene           ene                                 my
.se            ese           esentia                         essence 
 
"The essence of my original vocabulary contributions".
 

 

THE NAMES OF ROYALTY

 

         Nyland then decided to be adventurous and apply his newfound knowledge about the mysterious vowel-interlocking formula to some names associated with the British royal family. The choice of the name "Windsor" was straight luck; the result was startling. There appears to be no other reasonable interpretation.

 

Windsor: in.-.d.-.so-or.   (The W has no meaning)
 
in.   ino            inorenganatu            to bequeath
.d.   odo           odolgarbitasun           nobility
.so  oso           osoro                           thorough
or.   oro           orotar                          united
 
Bequeath a thoroughly united nobility.
 

          The British royal family took on the name Windsor early in this century. It is fair to say that they must have known exactly what they were doing. The family has long been involved with the pre-history and Ogam script of Scotland. Queen Victoria herself financed the publishing of a voluminous book on very early Scottish inscriptions, entitled "The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland" (J.R. Allen & J. Anderson), many of which were not Christian at all but belonged to the previous Ashera Religion of the Picts. Edo Nyland decided to probe a bit deeper by analyzing other names associated with British royalty:

 

Buckingham: .bu-uki-ing.-.ha-am.
 
.bu  abu           aburukide                 agreement
uki  uki            ukitu                          to touch, to affect
ing.ingi            ingira                         disposition, formation
.ha  iha            ihardunak                activities
am. ami           aministratu              government
 
The agreement affects the formation and activities of the government.
 
This "agreement" probably refers to the signing of Magna Carta. 
 
Balmoral: .ba-al.-.mo-ora-al.
.ba  eba           ebanjelari                 evangelist
al.   ala            alai                           happiness
.moamo           amodiotsu                 loving
ora  ora           oraingoan                 occasion
al.   ala            alaitsu                       joyous
 
The evangelist's happiness made this a loving and joyous occasion.
 
Carnarvon: .ka-ar.-.na-ar.-.bo-on.
.ka  aka           akabu                         end
ar.   ara           aratustel                   corruption
.na  ana           anaibateko               unanimous
ar.   ara           araberatasun            agreement
.bo  abo           abonau                       to approve of
on.  one           onetsi                          to bless
 
Corruption was ended when the unanimous approval of the agreement was blessed.
 
This is another sentence which refers to Magna Carta. 
 
Kensington: .ke-en.-.si-ing.-.to-on.
.ke  ike            ikertu                         to investigate, to re-visit
en.  ene           -enetan                      each time
.si   esi            esiketa                        siege
ing.ingi            ingiratu                    to be disgusted
.to   ito             itotasun                    anguish
on.  ona           onargaitz                  intolerable
 
Each time they re-visit that repugnant siege (it causes) intolerable anguish.
 

 

COMMON ENGLISH NAMES

 

          The above unexpected success in the search for the origin of English names was encouraging so other well known and true English names were analyzed as follows:

 

Osborne: os.-.bo-or.-.ne
 
os.  osa           osatasun                   integrity
.bo  abo           abogado                    lawyer
or.   oro           orokorki                    universally
.ne  one           onetsi                          esteemed
 
The integrity of a lawyer is universally esteemed.
 
Sebastian: .se-eba-asti-an.
.se  ase           aserre                         dispute
eba eba           ebazle                        judge
asti azti           aztiatu                      to anticipate
an.  ana           anaitze                      reconciliation
 
Dispute judge who anticipates reconciliation.
 
 
Buchanan: .bu-uka-ana-an.
.bu  abu           aburu                        opinion
ukauka           ukatu                        to refuse
ana ana           anaikidetasun          brotherhood
an   andi          andikeria arrogance
 
He refused to give an opinion about the arrogance of the brotherhood.
 
Hamilton, .ha-ami-il.-.to-on.
.ha  aha           ahal                          I hope
ami ami           amildu                      to oust, to overcome
il.    ilo             ilordu                          agony
.to   oto            otoitz                          prayer
on.  one           oneratsu                     pious
 
I hope to overcome the agony through pious prayer.
 

          One of the best-known sea captains of the age of exploration was Henry Hudson. From the meaning of his name it appears that he acquired the name Hudson during or after one of his arctic voyages. Hudson Bay and the Hudson River were named after him.

 

Hudson, .hu-ud.-.so-on.
.hu  uhu           uhui                          cry of happiness, joy
ud.  udi            udikan                       to get out
.so  iso            isolamendu               isolation
on.  ona           onargaitz                  intolerable, hostile
 
He cried for joy to get out of the hostile isolation.
 
Ogden, og.-.de-en.
og.  oga           ogaki                         richly
.de  ade           adelatu                      adorned
en.  ene           -enetan                      always
 
Always richly adorned.
 
Purvis, .pu-ur.-.bi-is.
.pu  ipu            ipuin                          gospel
ur.   uri            urrikaltasun             mercy
.bi   ibi             ibili                            to be
is.   isu            isurika                      inspiration
 
Let the Gospel's mercy be an inspiration.
 
Molson, .mo-ol.-.so-on.
.moamo           amona                       grandmother
ol.   ole            oles egin                    to call upon
.so  eso           esonde                       advice
on.  onu           onuts                         very kind
 
Call upon grandmother for very kind advice.
 
Gibson, .gi-ib.-.so-on.
.gi   agi            agian                        I wish
ib.   ibe            ibeni                          to introduce, to give
.so  eso           esonde                       advice
on.  one           oneratu                      beneficial
 
I wish to give beneficial advice.
 
Compton, .ko-om.-.p.-.to-on.
.ko  ako           akorduan euki          to remember
om.ome           omendatu to honor
.p.   epe           epemuga                    deadline
.to   eto            etorkizuneko            upcoming
on.  one           ondar                         final
 
Remember to honor the upcoming final deadline.
 
Collier, .ko-ol.-.li-i.e-er.
.ko  ako           akorduan euki          to remember
oli   oli             olibolio                     olive oil
i.e   ihe            ihesi                            to prevent
er.   eri            eri                              illness
 
Remember that olive oil prevents illness.
 

          A geographical name that became a household name is Trafalgar, where Nelson fought the sea-battle of 1805 and defeated Napoleon's fleet. The name must have been made up specifically for this occasion:

 

Trafalgar: .t.-.ra-afa-alga-ar.
.t.    ate            atertu                         to stop
.ra   era           erasan                       attack
afa  afa            afa                             happy
alga                 algara                       loud laughter
ar.   ari            arinaldi                    fast run
 
We stopped the attack (amid) happy and loud laughter when they ran away fast.
 

          It can be shown that many British names are made up out of Basque, although not all were assembled with the Ogam formula, such as "Campbell," from kam-bel: kamaina (improvised bed) bela (sails): "They slept on sails"; or "Stewart," from stu-art.: asturu (fortune) arti (sheep): "A fortune in sheep." The linguists who created most of these names were dedicated professionals of the highest caliber and they did a marvelous job. Who they were and where they worked will be discussed in another web-page. For now it is more important to show how basic the Basque language is to all aspects of English; it may be said that the English language is close to 100% manipulated Basque. By now the reader will have understood that there is nothing "genetic" about the English language. It didn't evolve naturally from any other language; it was almost totally home-invented and had absolutely nothing to do with the Anglo-Saxons, Friesians, Celts, Vikings or whatever ruffians happened to drift in from the continent.

 

 

SHAKESPEARE AND THE VCV FORMULA

 

          In "Love's Labour's Lost" Shakespeare presents us with a Latin sounding riddle: honorificabilitudinitatibus (Act V, i, 39). Up to now it has frustrated all efforts to decode it. This is supposed to be the longest "Latin" word in the dictionary, but from where did this "Latin" word come? Probably not from Latin! The fact that he used this word suggests that he knew about the Benedictines' operational manual, the "Auraicept na n'Eces" in which it is mentioned at least twice. It is likely that the "word" was made up in Ireland by one of the Benedictine grammarians. In line 1438 the word starts with tinerifica while the version in line 1741 is tenerifica. Let us first apply the Ogam formula to Shakespeare's version and see what happens:

 

honorificabilitudinitatibus:
.ho  ahogoza                                     delicious
ono onon                                          exquisite
ori   orrits                                          banquet
ifi    ibili                                            to go
ika  ikaskai                                       lesson
abi  abiatu                                        to begin
ili    ilinti                                          fiery preacher
itu   itundu                                        to be advised
udi  udikan                                       to get out, to go away
ini   initz,ainitz                                 many
ita   itaun                                          question
ati   atxiki                                         to retain
ibu  aburu?                                       opinion
us.  usutu                                       often expressed
 
     Going to the delicious and exquisite banquet was the lesson the fiery preacher began with. I was advised to go away with my 
many questions and retained my often expressed opinion. 
 

          The 800 or 900 year older version in the Auraicept has two slightly different spellings and translations: (line 1741), starting with  .te-ene-eri-ifi-ika: ateots (knock on the door) ene (come to me) eritasun (heavily laden) which therefore reads: "Knock on the door, come to me those who are heavily laden; this was the lesson...etc.". Version line 1438 reads: .ti-ine-eri-ifi-ika: atikitzaile (faithful) inertzia (downtrodden) eritasun (heavily laden) and therefore reads: "faithful but downtrodden and heavily laden; this was the lesson....etc."

 

          This made me wonder if there was anything special hidden in Shakespeare's name and there was:

 

Shakespeare, she-ek.-.spi-ir. (pron: shay-ayk-spee-eer)
she she           shedatu                      to decide
ek.  eka           ekandu                       to get used to
.spi azpi          azpiko                       protective cover, pseudonym
ir.    ira            irakatsi                     to teach
(ir.)(ira)           (irauli?)                    (to translate)?
 
          I decided to get used to teaching (translating?) under a pseudonym.

 

          The reason why none of the six known signatures of the great man were spelled the same must be because the basic sounds of "she-ek-spi-ir" were more important than the accurate spelling of his English "name."

 

 

BASQUE WORDS FOUND IN ENGLISH

 

          Many common English words are found to belong to the pre-Christian language. Most of them were preserved with only minor change in meaning:

 

                 English:                                  Derived from:
 
acid                                         azido (acid)
ankle                                      anka (foot)
better                                      beterik (full)
boss                                        boz (voice)
bulk                                        bulka (to force, to push)
busy                                        bizi(to make a living)
camp                                       canpo (outdoors)
cane                                        ka'in (diviner's rod) 
celebrity                                 shelebre (funny)
chisel                                      zizel (chisel)
coy                                          -koi (tendency, trait of character) (suffix)
damn                                       damu (remorse)
fault                                        falta (error)
fleet                                        flota (flotilla)
gate                                        gate (chain)
goose                                      guztien (common) 
gory                                        gorri (terrible)
to guide                 gidatu (to guide)
harpoon                                  arpo (harpoon)
honest                                     oneste (act of blessing)
hurry                                       hurre (come closer)
impression                              inpresio (impression)
to inaugurate                          inauguratu (to inaugurate)
innocent                                  inuzente (stupid)
kitsch                                      kitz (agitated)
to lag                                      laga (to leave behind)
licking                                     likin (sticky)
mad                                         madarikatu (to curse, to swear),
man                                         manatu (giving orders, to decide)
market                                    merkatu (market)
mask                                       maskara (mask)
moron                                     morroin (servant)
nigger                                     nigar (crying)           
ok                                           oka (plentiful, enough)
pan                                          panin (water, clean) 
pauze                                      pauza (pauze)
perch                                      pertxa (perch)
pirate                                      pairatu (to suffer)
posh                                        panposha (gracious, charming) 
purge                                      purga (to purge)
quay                                        kai (dock, pier)
race (people)                          arraz (race)
raw                                          arau (discipline)       
to risk                                     arrisku (to risk)
to root                                     errotu (to take root)
sack, satchel                          sakela (pocket)
sail                                          zail (difficult)
scratch                                    karrask (scrape)
sense                                      zentzu (common sense)
shallop                                    txalupa (launch, small boat)
sole                                         zola (sole of shoe)
soppy                                      sopi (soaking)
star                                         izar (star)
sudden                                    sudun (ardent, heated)
thorough                                 osoro (thorough)
usual                                       usu (usual)
to use                                      usatu (to use)
word                                        ord (ainbide) (promise)

 

 

          English etymological dictionaries generally do not recognize language creation efforts of the Benedictine linguists, later continued by famous writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare and Tyndale. In fact, most of the modern word etymologies in our dictionaries appear to be guesswork or dreaming. The problem is that none of the languages which are presently assumed part of the Indo-European language "family" are genetically related, i.e. not one of them evolved slowly over time from another. They were all invented by early linguists and forced onto a reluctant public by a determined and occasionally cruel church leadership.

 

EXPANDED ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

 

          In Nyland’s English Dictionary he shows how agglutinating the first syllables of Basque words, mostly with the vowel-interlocking formula, formulaically assembled a large number of English words.

 

          In other sections, Nyland has shown that the same group of clergy who had earlier manipulated English and Gaelic also influenced Dutch and German. English words, originating at Benedictine scriptoria in Holland and Germany, are discussed in the section on those languages.

 

          To understand how the decoding and translating process works, the reader should be familiar with the Ogam section. There is little guesswork in these translations even though, to the uninitiated and casual observer, the process of building up a full word from one consonant appears impossible. The vowel-interlocking feature of the VCV vowel-interlocking formula is responsible for that.  However, repeated trials are required for it to be understood. It also requires common sense interpretation.

 

Bibliography